مطالعات مدیریت کسب و کار هوشمند

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران.

2 کارشناس ارشد، مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران.(نویسنده مسئول)

چکیده

آگاهی اندک از تجارت الکترونیک چه از جانب مشتریان و چه از جانب ارائه‌کنندگان خدمت و کالا، از موانع عمده به‌کارگیری این نوع کسب‌وکار در ایران   به‌حساب می‌آید. یکی از این موارد وفاداری مشتریان و عوامل مؤثر بر آن در دنیای تجارت الکترونیک است. از طرفی استفاده مکرر از الفاظ مبهم همچون "سایت باکیفیت" که معنای دقیق و استانداردی بین افراد مختلف ندارد، از دیگر مشکلات درک عوامل مؤثر در وفاداری الکترونیک به‌حساب می‌آید. در پژوهش حاضر که از نوع کاربردی است، ابتدا با مرور ادبیات موضوع، عوامل تأثیرگذار بر وفاداری الکترونیک به‌صورت مدلی پیشنهادی ارائه و تائید شد. سپس با استفاده از منطق فازی اقدام به طراحی موتور استنتاج فازی و پیشنهاد قواعد فازی شد. مقایسه قواعد با دو سایت به‌عنوان نمونه‌های دنیای واقعی نشان از صحت قواعد پیشنهادی داشت. بررسی قواعد مستخرج نشان داد که از یک طرف مشخصات خرید و کیفیت وب‌سایت در تصمیم‌گیری مشتری بسیار حائز اهمیت است؛ از طرف دیگر اعتماد نمی‌تواند به‌طور مستقیم ایجاد وفاداری کند اما نبود آن، اثر منفی بر وفاداری مشتری خواهد گذاشت. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده مشخص کرد که در زمینه وفاداری مشتری، لازم است تا اصول و مفاهیم تئوری بهداشت و انگیزش هرزبرگ مورد توجه قرار گیرد تا بتوان استراتژی صحیح در مدیریت کسب‌وکار الکترونیکی را اتخاذ نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Design and Implementation of the Rules for Detecting Customer Loyalty in E-commerce Systems Using Fuzzy Techniques

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Hasan Zadeh 1
  • Amir Khorasani 2

1 Associate Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.

2 MA, Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran . (Corresponding author: amir.khorasani@modares.ac.ir

چکیده [English]

Nowadays, the importance of studies in customers’ behavior and attitude has been proved. Customer loyalty and its influencing factors in the world of e-commerce are being evaluated from different point of view. Nevertheless, little awareness of e-commerce factors from customers or service providers is a major barrier to the adoption of this business in Iran. On the other hand, the frequent use of vague terms such as "High quality websites" which does not have accurate and standard meanings between different people is another problem in understanding the factors affecting electronic loyalty. In this research, firstly factors influencing e-loyalty was studied and then fuzzy inference engine was designed using fuzzy logic and fuzzy rules were extracted. Comparing the rules with 2 websites as a real-world example showed the correctness of the proposed rules. The results showed that in the field of customer loyalty, it is necessary to consider the principles and concepts of Herzberg Health and Motivation theory in order to adopt the correct strategy in electronic business management.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • E-commerce
  • Customer
  • Loyalty
  • Fuzzy Logic
آذر ع. مؤمنی م. 1380. آﻣﺎر و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﻤﺖ. تهران.
 
آقایی ر. آقایی م؛ و آقایی ا. 1395. شناسایی و تبیین عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر حوزه سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی مدیریت. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 15، 125-148
جوانمرد ح؛ و سلطان‌زاده ع. 1388. بررسی ویژگی‌های برند اینترنتی و وب‌سایت‌ها و اثر آن بر اعتماد و وفاداری مشتریان. فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی 53: 225-256
خداداد حسینی س. شیرخدایی م؛ و کردنائیج ا. 1388. عوامل مؤثر بر اعتماد مشتری در تجارت الکترونیک (مدل B2C). فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی 13(2): 93-118
خدائی وله زاقرد م؛ و رستمی نوروزآبادی م. 1395. واکنش‌پذیری تصمیم‌گیری سرمایه‌گذاران از کیفیت خرید الکترونیکی سهام. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 16، 35-61
ﺧﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺷﻮرﯾﻨﯽ س. 1385. روش‌های تحقیق در ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات دانش‌پژوه. ﺗﻬﺮان.
ساروخانی ل؛ و منتظر غ. 1387. طراحی و پیاده‌سازی سیستم هوشمند شناسایی رفتار مشکوک در بانکداری اینترنتی به کمک نظریه مجموعه‌های فازی. فصلنامه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات ایران 1 (1 و 2): 9-18
مرادی م. 1389. طراحی و تبیین مدل وفاداری مشتری در صنعت بیمه. فصلنامه مدیریت صنعتی دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی 5 (14): 121-130
هومن ح. 1395. شناخت روش علمی در علوم رفتاری. سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت). تهران
Balabanis G., Reynolds N., Simintiras A., 2006. Bases of e-store loyalty: Perceived switching barriers and satisfaction. Journal of Business Research 59: 214 – 224
Bhaskar P. P., Kumar D. P., 2015. E- Loyalty and E- Satisfaction of E-Commerce. International Journal in Management and Social Science. Vol.03 Issue-11: 489-496
Caruana A., Ewing MT., 2010. How corporate reputation, quality, and value influence online loyalty. Journal of Business Research 63: 1103–1110
Casaló LV., Flavián C., Guinalíu M., 2010. Relationship quality, community promotion and brand loyalty in virtual communities: Evidence from free software communities. International Journal of Information Management 30: 357–367
Chang HH., Chen SW., 2009. Consumer perception of interface quality, security, and loyalty in electronic commerce. Information & Management 46: 411–417
Cyr D., Hassanein K., Head M., Ivanov A., 2007. The role of social presence in establishing loyalty in e-Service environments. Interacting with Computers 19: 43–56
Di Fatta D., Patton D., Viglia G., 2018. The determinants of conversion rates in SME e-commerce websites. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 41: 161–168
Flavia´n C., Guinalı´u M., Gurrea R., 2006. The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management 43: 1–14
Hallikainen H., Laukkanen T., 2018. National culture and consumer trust in e-commerce. International Journal of Information Management 38: 97–106
Harris L. C., Goode M. M. H., 2004. The four levels of loyalty and the pivotal role of trust: a study of online service dynamics. Journal of Retailing 80: 139–158
Hong IB., Cho H., 2011. The impact of consumer trust on attitudinal loyalty and purchase intentions in B2C e-marketplaces:  Intermediary trust vs.  Seller trust. International Journal of Information Management 31: 469–479
Hsu, I. Y., Su, T. S., Kao, C. S., Shu, Y. L., Lin, P. R., Tseng, J. M., 2012. Analysis of Business Safety Performance by Structural Equation Models. Safety Science 50: 1–11.
Koo DM., 2006. The fundamental reasons of e-consumers’ loyalty to an online store. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 5: 117–130
Lai F., Griffin M., Babin BJ., 2009. How quality, value, image, and satisfaction create loyalty at a Chinese telecom. Journal of Business Research 62: 980–986
Meesala A., Paul J., 2018. Service quality, consumer satisfaction and loyalty in hospitals: Thinking for the future. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 40: 261–269
Nisar T. M., Prabhakar G., 2017. What factors determine e-satisfaction and consumer spending in e-commerce retailing? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 39: 135–144
Oliveira T., Alhinho M., Rita P., Dhillon G., 2017. Modelling and Testing Consumer Trust Dimensions in E-commerce. Computers in Human Behavior,Volume 71: 153-164
Park J., Chung H., Rutherford B., 2011. Social perspectives of e-contact center for loyalty building. Journal of Business Research 64: 34–38
Ramanathan R., 2011. An empirical analysis on the influence of risk on relationships between handling of product returns and customer loyalty in E-commerce. International Journal of Production Economics 130: 255–261
Pratminingsih S. A., Lipuringtyas C., Rimenta T., 2013. Factors Influencing Customer Loyalty Toward Online Shopping. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 3: 104-110
Russell-Bennett R., McColl-Kennedy JR., Coote LV., 2007. Involvement, satisfaction, and brand loyalty in a small business services setting. Journal of Business Research 60: 1253–1260
Saridakis G., Lai Y., Mohammed A., Hansen J. M., 2018. Industry characteristics, stages of E-commerce communications, and entrepreneurs and SMEs revenue growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 128: 56-66
Shankar V., Smith AK., Rangaswamy A., 2003. Customer satisfaction and loyalty in online and offline environments. Intern. J. of Research in Marketing 20: 153–175
Srinivasan SS., Anderson R., Ponnavolu K., 2002. Customer loyalty in e-commerce: an exploration of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Retailing 78: 41–50
Tsai HT., Huang HC., 2009. Online consumer loyalty: Why e-tailers should seek a high-profile leadership position. Computers in Human Behavior 25: 1231–1240
Valvi, A. C., Fragkos K. C., 2012. Critical review of the e-loyalty literature: a purchase-centered framework. Electronic Commerce Research, Volume 12, Issue 3: 331-378
Wang HC., Pallister JG., Foxall GR., 2006. Innovativeness and involvement as determinants of website loyalty: II. Determinants of consumer loyalty in B2C e-commerce. Technovation 26: 1366–1373
Wang Y., Wu SC., Lin HH., Wang YY., 2011. The relationship of service failure severity, service recovery justice and perceived switching costs with customer loyalty in the context of e-tailing. International Journal of Information Management 31: 350–359
Welling R., and White L., 2006. Web site performance measurement: promise and reality. Managing Service Quality 16(6): 654-670
Yousafzai SY., Pallister JG., Foxall GR., 2003. A proposed model of e-trust for electronic banking. Technovation 23: 847–860
Zheng S., Hui S., Yang Z., 2017. Hospital trust or doctor trust? A fuzzy analysis of trust in the health care setting. Journal of Business Research, Volume 78: 217-225
Ziaullah M., Feng Y., Akhter S. N., 2014. E-Loyalty: The influence of product quality and delivery services on e-trust and e-satisfaction in China. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 10: 20-31
 
 
آذر ع. مؤمنی م. 1380. آﻣﺎر و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﻤﺖ. تهران.
 
آقایی ر. آقایی م؛ و آقایی ا. 1395. شناسایی و تبیین عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر حوزه سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی مدیریت. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 15، 125-148
جوانمرد ح؛ و سلطان‌زاده ع. 1388. بررسی ویژگی‌های برند اینترنتی و وب‌سایت‌ها و اثر آن بر اعتماد و وفاداری مشتریان. فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی 53: 225-256
خداداد حسینی س. شیرخدایی م؛ و کردنائیج ا. 1388. عوامل مؤثر بر اعتماد مشتری در تجارت الکترونیک (مدل B2C). فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی 13(2): 93-118
خدائی وله زاقرد م؛ و رستمی نوروزآبادی م. 1395. واکنش‌پذیری تصمیم‌گیری سرمایه‌گذاران از کیفیت خرید الکترونیکی سهام. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 16، 35-61
ﺧﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺷﻮرﯾﻨﯽ س. 1385. روش‌های تحقیق در ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات دانش‌پژوه. ﺗﻬﺮان.
ساروخانی ل؛ و منتظر غ. 1387. طراحی و پیاده‌سازی سیستم هوشمند شناسایی رفتار مشکوک در بانکداری اینترنتی به کمک نظریه مجموعه‌های فازی. فصلنامه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات ایران 1 (1 و 2): 9-18
مرادی م. 1389. طراحی و تبیین مدل وفاداری مشتری در صنعت بیمه. فصلنامه مدیریت صنعتی دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی 5 (14): 121-130
هومن ح. 1395. شناخت روش علمی در علوم رفتاری. سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت). تهران
Balabanis G., Reynolds N., Simintiras A., 2006. Bases of e-store loyalty: Perceived switching barriers and satisfaction. Journal of Business Research 59: 214 – 224
Bhaskar P. P., Kumar D. P., 2015. E- Loyalty and E- Satisfaction of E-Commerce. International Journal in Management and Social Science. Vol.03 Issue-11: 489-496
Caruana A., Ewing MT., 2010. How corporate reputation, quality, and value influence online loyalty. Journal of Business Research 63: 1103–1110
Casaló LV., Flavián C., Guinalíu M., 2010. Relationship quality, community promotion and brand loyalty in virtual communities: Evidence from free software communities. International Journal of Information Management 30: 357–367
Chang HH., Chen SW., 2009. Consumer perception of interface quality, security, and loyalty in electronic commerce. Information & Management 46: 411–417
Cyr D., Hassanein K., Head M., Ivanov A., 2007. The role of social presence in establishing loyalty in e-Service environments. Interacting with Computers 19: 43–56
Di Fatta D., Patton D., Viglia G., 2018. The determinants of conversion rates in SME e-commerce websites. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 41: 161–168
Flavia´n C., Guinalı´u M., Gurrea R., 2006. The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management 43: 1–14
Hallikainen H., Laukkanen T., 2018. National culture and consumer trust in e-commerce. International Journal of Information Management 38: 97–106
Harris L. C., Goode M. M. H., 2004. The four levels of loyalty and the pivotal role of trust: a study of online service dynamics. Journal of Retailing 80: 139–158
Hong IB., Cho H., 2011. The impact of consumer trust on attitudinal loyalty and purchase intentions in B2C e-marketplaces:  Intermediary trust vs.  Seller trust. International Journal of Information Management 31: 469–479
Hsu, I. Y., Su, T. S., Kao, C. S., Shu, Y. L., Lin, P. R., Tseng, J. M., 2012. Analysis of Business Safety Performance by Structural Equation Models. Safety Science 50: 1–11.
Koo DM., 2006. The fundamental reasons of e-consumers’ loyalty to an online store. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 5: 117–130
Lai F., Griffin M., Babin BJ., 2009. How quality, value, image, and satisfaction create loyalty at a Chinese telecom. Journal of Business Research 62: 980–986
Meesala A., Paul J., 2018. Service quality, consumer satisfaction and loyalty in hospitals: Thinking for the future. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 40: 261–269
Nisar T. M., Prabhakar G., 2017. What factors determine e-satisfaction and consumer spending in e-commerce retailing? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 39: 135–144
Oliveira T., Alhinho M., Rita P., Dhillon G., 2017. Modelling and Testing Consumer Trust Dimensions in E-commerce. Computers in Human Behavior,Volume 71: 153-164
Park J., Chung H., Rutherford B., 2011. Social perspectives of e-contact center for loyalty building. Journal of Business Research 64: 34–38
Ramanathan R., 2011. An empirical analysis on the influence of risk on relationships between handling of product returns and customer loyalty in E-commerce. International Journal of Production Economics 130: 255–261
Pratminingsih S. A., Lipuringtyas C., Rimenta T., 2013. Factors Influencing Customer Loyalty Toward Online Shopping. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 3: 104-110
Russell-Bennett R., McColl-Kennedy JR., Coote LV., 2007. Involvement, satisfaction, and brand loyalty in a small business services setting. Journal of Business Research 60: 1253–1260
Saridakis G., Lai Y., Mohammed A., Hansen J. M., 2018. Industry characteristics, stages of E-commerce communications, and entrepreneurs and SMEs revenue growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 128: 56-66
Shankar V., Smith AK., Rangaswamy A., 2003. Customer satisfaction and loyalty in online and offline environments. Intern. J. of Research in Marketing 20: 153–175
Srinivasan SS., Anderson R., Ponnavolu K., 2002. Customer loyalty in e-commerce: an exploration of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Retailing 78: 41–50
Tsai HT., Huang HC., 2009. Online consumer loyalty: Why e-tailers should seek a high-profile leadership position. Computers in Human Behavior 25: 1231–1240
Valvi, A. C., Fragkos K. C., 2012. Critical review of the e-loyalty literature: a purchase-centered framework. Electronic Commerce Research, Volume 12, Issue 3: 331-378
Wang HC., Pallister JG., Foxall GR., 2006. Innovativeness and involvement as determinants of website loyalty: II. Determinants of consumer loyalty in B2C e-commerce. Technovation 26: 1366–1373
Wang Y., Wu SC., Lin HH., Wang YY., 2011. The relationship of service failure severity, service recovery justice and perceived switching costs with customer loyalty in the context of e-tailing. International Journal of Information Management 31: 350–359
Welling R., and White L., 2006. Web site performance measurement: promise and reality. Managing Service Quality 16(6): 654-670
Yousafzai SY., Pallister JG., Foxall GR., 2003. A proposed model of e-trust for electronic banking. Technovation 23: 847–860
Zheng S., Hui S., Yang Z., 2017. Hospital trust or doctor trust? A fuzzy analysis of trust in the health care setting. Journal of Business Research, Volume 78: 217-225
Ziaullah M., Feng Y., Akhter S. N., 2014. E-Loyalty: The influence of product quality and delivery services on e-trust and e-satisfaction in China. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 10: 20-31
 
آذر ع. مؤمنی م. 1380. آﻣﺎر و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﻤﺖ. تهران.
 
آقایی ر. آقایی م؛ و آقایی ا. 1395. شناسایی و تبیین عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر حوزه سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی مدیریت. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 15، 125-148
جوانمرد ح؛ و سلطان‌زاده ع. 1388. بررسی ویژگی‌های برند اینترنتی و وب‌سایت‌ها و اثر آن بر اعتماد و وفاداری مشتریان. فصلنامه پژوهشنامه بازرگانی 53: 225-256
خداداد حسینی س. شیرخدایی م؛ و کردنائیج ا. 1388. عوامل مؤثر بر اعتماد مشتری در تجارت الکترونیک (مدل B2C). فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی 13(2): 93-118
خدائی وله زاقرد م؛ و رستمی نوروزآبادی م. 1395. واکنش‌پذیری تصمیم‌گیری سرمایه‌گذاران از کیفیت خرید الکترونیکی سهام. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات. سال چهارم، شماره 16، 35-61
ﺧﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺷﻮرﯾﻨﯽ س. 1385. روش‌های تحقیق در ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات دانش‌پژوه. ﺗﻬﺮان.
ساروخانی ل؛ و منتظر غ. 1387. طراحی و پیاده‌سازی سیستم هوشمند شناسایی رفتار مشکوک در بانکداری اینترنتی به کمک نظریه مجموعه‌های فازی. فصلنامه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات ایران 1 (1 و 2): 9-18
مرادی م. 1389. طراحی و تبیین مدل وفاداری مشتری در صنعت بیمه. فصلنامه مدیریت صنعتی دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی 5 (14): 121-130
هومن ح. 1395. شناخت روش علمی در علوم رفتاری. سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها (سمت). تهران
Balabanis G., Reynolds N., Simintiras A., 2006. Bases of e-store loyalty: Perceived switching barriers and satisfaction. Journal of Business Research 59: 214 – 224
Bhaskar P. P., Kumar D. P., 2015. E- Loyalty and E- Satisfaction of E-Commerce. International Journal in Management and Social Science. Vol.03 Issue-11: 489-496
Caruana A., Ewing MT., 2010. How corporate reputation, quality, and value influence online loyalty. Journal of Business Research 63: 1103–1110
Casaló LV., Flavián C., Guinalíu M., 2010. Relationship quality, community promotion and brand loyalty in virtual communities: Evidence from free software communities. International Journal of Information Management 30: 357–367
Chang HH., Chen SW., 2009. Consumer perception of interface quality, security, and loyalty in electronic commerce. Information & Management 46: 411–417
Cyr D., Hassanein K., Head M., Ivanov A., 2007. The role of social presence in establishing loyalty in e-Service environments. Interacting with Computers 19: 43–56
Di Fatta D., Patton D., Viglia G., 2018. The determinants of conversion rates in SME e-commerce websites. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 41: 161–168
Flavia´n C., Guinalı´u M., Gurrea R., 2006. The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management 43: 1–14
Hallikainen H., Laukkanen T., 2018. National culture and consumer trust in e-commerce. International Journal of Information Management 38: 97–106
Harris L. C., Goode M. M. H., 2004. The four levels of loyalty and the pivotal role of trust: a study of online service dynamics. Journal of Retailing 80: 139–158
Hong IB., Cho H., 2011. The impact of consumer trust on attitudinal loyalty and purchase intentions in B2C e-marketplaces:  Intermediary trust vs.  Seller trust. International Journal of Information Management 31: 469–479
Hsu, I. Y., Su, T. S., Kao, C. S., Shu, Y. L., Lin, P. R., Tseng, J. M., 2012. Analysis of Business Safety Performance by Structural Equation Models. Safety Science 50: 1–11.
Koo DM., 2006. The fundamental reasons of e-consumers’ loyalty to an online store. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 5: 117–130
Lai F., Griffin M., Babin BJ., 2009. How quality, value, image, and satisfaction create loyalty at a Chinese telecom. Journal of Business Research 62: 980–986
Meesala A., Paul J., 2018. Service quality, consumer satisfaction and loyalty in hospitals: Thinking for the future. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 40: 261–269
Nisar T. M., Prabhakar G., 2017. What factors determine e-satisfaction and consumer spending in e-commerce retailing? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 39: 135–144
Oliveira T., Alhinho M., Rita P., Dhillon G., 2017. Modelling and Testing Consumer Trust Dimensions in E-commerce. Computers in Human Behavior,Volume 71: 153-164
Park J., Chung H., Rutherford B., 2011. Social perspectives of e-contact center for loyalty building. Journal of Business Research 64: 34–38
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