E-participation has emerged as a central pillar of digital governance, aiming to enhance citizen engagement, strengthen transparency, and improve accountability in public decision-making. Despite the proliferation of conceptual and empirical models, limited attention has been paid to the dynamic interaction between structure and agency as conceptualized in Giddens’ Structuration Theory. This study analyzes existing e-participation models through a structuration lens in order to assess their theoretical grounding and identify conceptual gaps. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. Articles were retrieved from high-quality international databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Emerald, and Springer, with a focus on journals ranked Q1 and Q2. After duplicate removal, screening, and quality appraisal using the CASP checklist, 39 eligible studies published up to 2025 were selected for in-depth content analysis. The findings reveal that most models emphasize technological and institutional dimensions, while social, cultural, and reflexive aspects-particularly reflexivity and time-space distanciation- remain underdeveloped. Comparative analysis indicates that existing models can be categorized into structure-oriented, agency-oriented, and integrative approaches. However, only a limited number of studies explicitly operationalize the duality of structure in explaining participation dynamics. This study contributes by (1) synthesizing high-quality interdisciplinary literature, (2) extending Structuration Theory into the domain of digital participation, and (3) proposing a conceptual framework that integrates institutional structures, citizen agency, and reflexive processes within digitally mediated time–space contexts. The findings offer theoretical advancement and practical guidance for designing context-sensitive and sustainable e-participation initiatives.